Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Interpretation of “Doreen Pope” by M. Loudon

The text under analysis â€Å"Doreen Pope† is a type of publicistic writing, feature article. The author M. Loudon managed to make this text informative and entertaining for the reader. The article concentrates on an interesting theme. The theme of the article is about the role of a teacher in the system of education in GB. The author embodies the theme into incomparable character. The story reveals the image of ideal teacher. M. Loudon convinces us of the importance of the teacher’s role for children.This important idea that the author expresses in the process of developing the theme is the message of the story. The theme is organically connected with the message. And M. Loudon places the main point very appropriately. It has a complex character is created with the help of interaction of implications and develops further. Sufficient arguments, details and examples support the main idea. â€Å"Miss Pope was an enormous success with the children because she had a genuin e affinity with them.She also had an unpretentious disregard for the formal†. The author uses references effectively and her reasoning sounds very logically and convincing. â€Å"Miss Pope believed that children only learnt self-worth and corporate responsibility through recognition of their gifts, however insignificant they might have seemed in scholastic terms: so while she was appreciate of talent and enthusiasm, it was those who were shy, or obstreperous, or who found reading or writing is difficult, which whom she spent the most time.†Such cohesive devices as â€Å"practically, so, also, indeed, just, however† within the paragraphs and the repetition the main character’s name between them catch the reader’s attention, give more prominence to the words. Implication is conveyed by different techniques, artistic details, arrangement of plot structure and images. With the help of it the writer achieved her main purpose. M. Loudon informs the reader about educational system in GB, convinces us of the importance of the role of a teacher. She makes us feel sympathy to the main character and respect her strong personality.M. Loudon reminds us about eternal values and morals in our life. The style of presentation of these ideas is appealing and appropriate for the situation. â€Å"Practically, no one reading this will have of Miss Pope. Her greatness is no obvious and it has never been documented. † Using not very formal style the writer involves us to the situation, invites to an open dialog, creates free and trust atmosphere. The author’s attitude to the character determines the tone of the story. Tone expresses the relationship between the author and the character.It is sympathetic, cheerful, and enthusiastic. M. Loudon resorts to emotionally colored words, such as â€Å"cheerful†, â€Å"jolly†, â€Å"brisk†, â€Å"great†. An extensive image of the character is created by similes  "Miss Pope and Sheena as the Madonna and Child in Renaissance Europe† epithets: â€Å"wholesome woman†, â€Å"unobtrusive clothes†, â€Å"sensible shoes†, â€Å"affectionate woman†, â€Å"insatiable sense of humor†. Metaphors: â€Å"she never lost her cool†, antitheses: â€Å"from sunny childhood to dark adolescence† Intensifiers, such as: â€Å"completely different tot us†, â€Å"such an aloof dog†.Polysyndeton: â€Å"she had an insatiable sense of humor and a huge, rotund laugh, and she never failed to reward even the dullest anecdote. † The use of low-colloquial words intensifies the contrast; make a parallel between primary and secondary school: â€Å"fuck off, posh bitch† The writer applies contrast, parallel structure, framing to visualize the article. The use of these means produces a humorous effect and testifies to the inventiveness and wit of the author. The title of the article catches our attention, gives prominence to the main character due to capitalization.The title is the name of the character that emphasizes its importance in the article, defines sympathetic feelings of the author, and arouses reader’s interest to it. The article raises important and interesting themes. It forces us to be involved in the problem of the role of a teacher. Teacher is a guide, is an inspirer, is a monitor, is a friend, is a second mother, and is a mentor, who teaches simple, but timeless and good values. And M. Loudon was succeeded in paying tribute to an inspirational teacher and created a hymn to a teacher.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Leadership Theories: the Evolution of Context Essay

This paper defines â€Å"context† as it relates to leadership and the inclusion of context in leadership theories. I will show examples of different leadership styles and how they relate to the context of leadership. In closing, I will reflect on the challenges of contextual theories and how these challenges can be met in the current environment. Meaning of Context and Treatment in Leadership Research Different types of leadership often need to be applied in a distinct manner, depending on the context and who is involved. Osborn, Hunt, & Jauch (2002) indicated leadership theory and research needs to expand to the complex levels of leadership. The authors further posited leadership theory needs to explore the dynamism involving the context in which leadership takes place, rather than to study leadership taking place in a vacuum. Here, the authors referred to context as the circumstances or parameters that cause effective leaders to emerge. Leadership in context takes on many different characteristics and certain circumstances can cause different actions. A closer examination of the linkages between components of theory increases one’s understanding of individual differences in leadership development (Allen, Shankman, & Miguel, 2012). Authors Osborn, Hunt, & Jauch (2002) illustrated four contexts of leadership; stability, crisis, dynamic equilibrium, and edge of chaos. Stability takes into account surrounding external circumstances involving the composition of organizations, scopes, and skill sets. Stability examines the various measures of leadership to improve and to develop objectives for anticipated circumstances. I worked with a leader who demonstrated stability in a position; however, that same leader transferred to a different position and she became unstable. In the previous position, the leader was confident in her role, encouraged interaction from the team, and made team members feel comfortable to approach her at any time. The leader transitioned to a new contract, and a new client and things changed. The leader became unapproachable, and she became overwhelmed by her role and the pressures of the job. A lack of stability in this environment was evident because team members did not have effective leadership. Eventually, that person resigned and moved on to a less demanding and less stressful position. Crisis can be defined as, â€Å"a situation that threatens high priority goals that suddenly occurs with little or no response† (Hermann, 1969). A crisis causes changes in the leadership context that compel leaders to adjustment to the situation. A change in the context can be the defining moment of a leader’s effectiveness and leadership ability. Crisis may be unavoidable in some situations, but an effective leader will plan before, during, and after a crisis. Contingency plans, communications plans, and strong leadership can assist in alleviating some of the stress associated with a crisis. Leaders must recognize when to delegate authority if and when the need arises. The third context of leadership is a dynamic equilibrium, defined as a gradually increasing change. In a dynamic organizational system, the role of leadership is to support opposing forces and harness the constant tension between them, enabling the system to improve (Nonaka & Toyama, 2002; Teece & Pisano, 1994; Weick & Quinn, 1999). Various components affect dynamic equilibrium in leadership, such as, technology, external forces, and market conditions. To improve, the organization has to maintain a dynamic equilibrium among the various components. The authors referred to fourth context of leadership as, edge of chaos. Edge of chaos can be defined as being on the verge of pandemonium, but not quite there. Virtually, everything is tainted, but not so tainted that the organization implodes or explodes (Authors Osborn, Hunt, & Jauch 2002). If everything is tainted, there would be complete chaos in the organization. New Factors and the Inclusion of Context in Leadership Theories The emerging field of cross-cultural leadership research has underscored the importance of examining how the inclusion of the context in models of leadership may alter how effective or desirable leadership is operationally defined, measured, and interpreted. Integration of culture as a contextual factor in models of leadership necessitates that researchers consider; the cultural implicit theories of both leaders and followers, the cultural implicit heories of both leaders and followers, the interpretation of enacted behaviors, the broader cultural context in which leaders and followers interact, the duration of the leader–follower relationship, and exogenous events that may trigger different interpretations of leadership, such as instability, uncertainty, and growth (Avolio, B. , 2007). A Leader Who Effectively Engaged With Context Leadership / Leader Who Failed To Read and Engage with Context Leadership Effective ly Leadership in context may undertake numerous characteristics, which may put leadership in conflict. Examples of leadership that may effectively engage within context are doctors who work in an emergency room of a hospital (Hannah, Uhl-Bien, Avolio, & Cavarretta, 2009). In this example, the authors suggested doctors may show high levels of leadership when put in extreme circumstances frequently. Consequently, there is a need to be prepared constantly and to maintain high levels of vigilance and situational awareness to ensure quick and accurate responses. Examples of leadership that may fail to engage within context are managers within a hotel (Hannah, Uhl-Bien, Avolio, & Cavarretta, 2009). In this example hotel managers may fail to be prepared and develop safety procedures in case of a fire emergency. The authors explained that because of the relatively minimal chances of a fire occurring coupled with the surety of an adequate rescue response from authorities, hotel managers are less likely to make preparations in case of a fire. According to this premise, managers may not manifest any leadership tendency because circumstances do not create a need to exercise leadership (Hannah, Uhl-Bien, Avolio, & Cavarretta, 2009). Differences in Leadership Styles and Approaches In the first example, the leaders demonstrated a sense of urgency and an understanding of responsibility which requires immediate reaction as leaders. In the second example, leaders do not demonstrate the same urgency. The leaders are of the mindset that someone else will respond if the situation occurs. Each situation determines the leadership style which accomplishes the organization’s goals and vision; therefore, there is not a â€Å"best† leadership style or approach. Challenges of Developing Contextual Theories of Leadership Efficiency may come with leadership, but leadership can be overpowering and complex. Innovation of alliances is not always required for leadership. However, a study conducted by Osborn & Marion (2009) examined the aspects of contextual leadership in which transformational leadership was dysfunctional for the innovation of alliances. Today’s technology enables leaders to influence followers virtually. Even though, the follower may not be in the same location as the leader, this should not create an issue with leaders motivating followers to undertake an assignment. Purvanova and Bono (2009) suggested leadership through virtual means may exhibit the same behaviors as the traditional face-to-face style. The authors argued that leaders may adapt behavior based on context of the situational demand. An example of a leader’s virtual influence is the course for which this paper is written. The professor influences the class to improve writing skills by assigning additional exercises to better prepare for the doctoral study. In addition, the class is encouraged to relate personal experiences to tie in with assigned readings and research. The context determines the matter in which leaders influence their follower, whether leadership is conducted face-to-face or virtually. How Contextual Theories of Leadership Challenges Can Be Met The examples above demonstrated the dynamics and complexity of contextual leadership. Challenges in contextual leadership can be met by examining the factors for the source and development of leadership. The initial step is to determine the situation, analyze the nature of leadership, and document the context of the leadership development. Similarities can assist in determining the effective leaders of the future. Theories on leadership have determined that leadership is about showing flexibility in our ever changing environment and applying the appropriate leadership context in the ideal situation. Conclusion The subject of leadership garnered much research and study. Leadership consists of a variety of characteristics and complexities involving the context in which leadership takes place. Analyzing the complexity of the context of leadership can aid in determining future leaders. To understand individual differences in the context of leadership requires additional study. Further research will assist educators and scholars with the added knowledge of applying effective leadership.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Organisation culture

So often when we think of a company's strategy, organizational culture is the missing puzzle piece. Instead, attention is focused on customers, competitors, and financial resources. The neglect of organizational culture is unfortunate since leaders are responsible for so many other demands, but an understanding of the organization's culture and its potential for enabling a positive deviant strategy is important.Organizational culture is the shared beliefs, principles, values, and assumptions that hape behaviour by building commitment, providing direction, establishing a collective identity, and creating a community. It manifests as the organization's behaviour that has endured over time and allowed the organization to adapt to the environment. Therefore, culture is the glue that holds together an organization's strategy and becomes institutionalized as members repeat patterns of successful behavior. The effectiveness of culture depends on its alignment with the organization's environ ment, resources, values, and goals.Moreover, it requires lea ders to understand how the culture can be a vehicle for creating positive deviance. Steve Jobs excels at aligning Apple's culture with its strategy. Jobs has built a culture that is driven by a vision to make great products. Innovating is the dominant value of Apple's culture. Employees are rewarded for experimenting, risk taking, and creativity. As Jobs describes in an interview, the challenge to innovate is a norm of Apple's culture: It was a great challenge. Let's make a great phone that we fall in love with.And we've got the technology. We've got the miniaturization from the iPod. We've got the sophisticated operating system from Mac. Nobody had ever thought about putting operating systems as sophisticated as OS X inside a phone, so that was a real que stion. We had a big debate inside the company whether we could do that or not. And that was one where I had to adjudicate it and Just say, ‘We're going to do it. L et's try. ‘ The smartest software guys were saying they can do it, so let's give them a shot. And they did. Going beneath the surface of Apple's culture, Jobs has infused the quest for excellence as a mantra. Jobs has purposely created a culture where employees are encouraged to treat their work as a calling that is worthwhile and to pursue excell ence in their endeavors. Therefore, a large role for Jobs and his leadership teams is creating processes to recruit and socialize employees into Apple's culture. When recruiting for Apple senior positions, Jobs contended that intelligence organisation culture. Organisation culture So often when we think of a company's strategy, organizational culture is the missing puzzle piece. Instead, attention is focused on customers, competitors, and financial resources. The neglect of organizational culture is unfortunate since leaders are responsible for so many other demands, but an understanding of the organization's culture and its potential for enabling a positive deviant strategy is important.Organizational culture is the shared beliefs, principles, values, and assumptions that hape behaviour by building commitment, providing direction, establishing a collective identity, and creating a community. It manifests as the organization's behaviour that has endured over time and allowed the organization to adapt to the environment. Therefore, culture is the glue that holds together an organization's strategy and becomes institutionalized as members repeat patterns of successful behavior. The effectiveness of culture depends on its alignment with the organization's environ ment, resources, values, and goals.Moreover, it requires lea ders to understand how the culture can be a vehicle for creating positive deviance. Steve Jobs excels at aligning Apple's culture with its strategy. Jobs has built a culture that is driven by a vision to make great products. Innovating is the dominant value of Apple's culture. Employees are rewarded for experimenting, risk taking, and creativity. As Jobs describes in an interview, the challenge to innovate is a norm of Apple's culture: It was a great challenge. Let's make a great phone that we fall in love with.And we've got the technology. We've got the miniaturization from the iPod. We've got the sophisticated operating system from Mac. Nobody had ever thought about putting operating systems as sophisticated as OS X inside a phone, so that was a real que stion. We had a big debate inside the company whether we could do that or not. And that was one where I had to adjudicate it and Just say, ‘We're going to do it. L et's try. ‘ The smartest software guys were saying they can do it, so let's give them a shot. And they did. Going beneath the surface of Apple's culture, Jobs has infused the quest for excellence as a mantra. Jobs has purposely created a culture where employees are encouraged to treat their work as a calling that is worthwhile and to pursue excell ence in their endeavors. Therefore, a large role for Jobs and his leadership teams is creating processes to recruit and socialize employees into Apple's culture. When recruiting for Apple senior positions, Jobs contended that intelligence organisation culture.

Business Ethics and Deontology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Ethics and Deontology - Essay Example Business Ethics and Deontology Most businesses deal with problems and constraints instead of prime movers of ethical business. In this study, we are going to give a critical analysis of a business problem using deontological ethics as discussed below. Step 1, The three major ethical problems raised in the WorldCom case include, corporate strategy of growth through acquisition, use of loans to senior executives, threat to corporate governance created by chumminess and lack of arms length dealing. Step 2, Evaluating WorldCom’s ethical problems using the deontological framework. This framework entails undertaking of duties with the right motives. It is a philosophy developed by Immanuel Kant. His theory is considered deontological for reasons such as acting in the morally right way suggest that people act from duty and lastly Kant says that it is the motives of the person and not the consequences. Corporate strategy of growth through acquisition We have many models different kinds of governance in the world. T he difference comes due to the variety of capitalism in which they are formed. Liberal model tends to give priority to shareholders interest while the coordinated models recognizes other stakeholders interest such as workers, managers, customers, suppliers and community (Penrose, 2009.). Each model has an advantage. In view to WorldCom ethical, Bernie Ebbers who was considered to be colorful and likable had nothing to show after the collapse of WorldCom. Achieving position as a significant player in the telecommunication sector through the successful completion of 65 acquisitions was deontological. This is because only two of the acquired were significant. Total accumulated debt amounted to $41billion due to acquisitions. As Chief Executive Officer it was advisable to only make acquisitions of companies that were very significant at that particular time. This would have made the company free from the big debts the company has. As much as a business strategy was a success at that tim e with the continued rise in the stock market, the manager should not have used this as a driving tool for business to enable him purchase other companies. During this all process of mergers and acquisitions there was managerial challenges in two areas. That is management dealing with integrating new and old organizations. This evident when the British telecommunication corporation made a bid of $19 billion and there was a quick response of countering the offer by Ebber to $30. In addition to this, Ebber also agreed to assume $5billion in MCI debt making the deal $35. It is time consuming because of its involvement in planning and managerial attention. There is also a challenge in accounting for financial aspects in the acquisition e.g. accounting for assets, debts and goodwill. This process illustrates areas where management did not address well. For instance, Ebber was an indifferent executive who did not pay attention to operation details. A good example is the deterioration of c ustomer service and it was evident when a customer contacted customer service was discontinued incorrectly. The company was not up to the task of merging the different companies acquired. The effect of poor integration of acquired companies include little effort by management to develop a cooperative mindset among various units, closure of three important MCI services that helped in maintenance of network and opening twelve inefficient and duplicate centers.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Compare the travel journal to an online travel blog Essay

Compare the travel journal to an online travel blog - Essay Example In this "Compare the travel journal to an online travel blog" describes similarities and differences of these two tools of communication. Internet has helped people to share information that is often difficult to be acquired. Reference can be made, to blogs and other types of social media. The key difference between a travel journal and an online travel blog should be mentioned: a travel journal is a notebook, similar to a diary. The travel journal is differentiated from a diary at the level that ‘activities are not necessarily noted on a daily basis’ (Inbox Journal 2012). This means that in travel journal notes are kept in regard to a particular travel but the events of certain days may not be documented (Inbox Journal 2012). Notes kept in a travel journal can be changed later, before the publication of the journal, without anyone to notice the alteration of the text. The specific issue is particularly important for the following reasons: a) if a mistake has been made when documenting events, this mistake will not be identifiable by readers if the author of the journal make the necessary corrections before the publication; in online blogs such option is not available as it will be analytically described later; b) events that have been documented in a travel journal can be erased later, and before the publication of the journal; in online blogs the text is directly available to the public, the blog’s visitors; erasing parts of the text could prevent other people from reading these parts.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Management accounting- S-10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Management accounting- S-10 - Assignment Example " Because various frameworks in the living, social and innovative planet may be grasped thusly, cybernetics cuts over numerous accepted disciplinary borders. The notions which cyberneticians improve along these lines structure a meta-disciplinary dialect through which we might better comprehend and alter our planet. Throughout the period when Anthony's accounting based approach to management control picked up prominence (1960s), the organizational hypothesis written works greatly slanted to a systems-theory perspective. This tendency impacted management control hypothesis and it got indivisible from organizational theory as a rule. To grasp the profundity of the impact that system theory had on management control hypothesis, it is vital to examine the primary tenets of systems theory. In addition, it is imperative to inspect the crux parts of the systems perspective as it affected the route in which classical theory evolved. The systems perspective was established in cybernetics and general systems theory (GST). Norbert Wiener's (1948) cybernetics idea illustrates the methodology of correspondence and control around individuals and machines to achieve alluring goals and to guide the automatic standards discovered in human biotic frameworks onto machines frameworks (Kloot, 1997, p. 49). Cybernetics is concerned with programmed regulation and control of living beings and conglomerations. It is said that cybernetics utilization a negative sentiment circle acted for by setting objectives, measuring accomplishment, contrasting accomplishment and objectives, bolstering back qualified information about unwanted fluctuations into the procedure to be regulated, and rectifying the procedure. As per this perspective, a management control handle in its best disentangled structure is comparative to a specialized control prepare, looking like the control of the high temperature of a room by a thermostat. Anthony's accounting control philosophy was effortlessly interlaced wit h the notion of robotic controls (Otley, et al., 1995, p. 44). In any case, the GST tries to clarify conduct by mulling over the interrelationship of parts as opposed to the nature of the aforementioned parts. A system is a gathering of interrelated parts functioning all in all. Particularly, a system is an arranged or complex entire; a collection or fusion of things or parts framing an intricate or unitary entire. A conglomeration, thusly, could be acknowledged a gathering of interrelated parts filling in general. There may be diverse subsystems that could be associated with structure much bigger systems. The systems view expects that to remember completely grasp the capacity of the entire systems; the interrelationships around diverse parts must be grasped. A framework is said to have a border, and hinging on the level of communication by the systems with its external border, a framework might be acknowledged either an open framework or a shut systems (provided that it doesn't col laborate with the earth). From the systems view, a conglomeration is made out of information, process, and yield parts, and additionally associated subsystems with a plainly outlined framework verge. As clear from the expositive expression, the framework theorists and the cyberneticians joined both hypotheses to demonstrate capacities of conglomerations and all the more in particular the capacity of administration control frameworks. The degree of the impact by cybernetics hypothesis on administration co

Friday, July 26, 2019

The Marketplace of The American Revolution Essay

The Marketplace of The American Revolution - Essay Example Thus, to be able to understand the nature of the American Revolution, one has to delve deeper into the actual effects of the revolution, rather than merely concentrating on the manner in which it occurred. This is because; a radical revolution is bound to cause far-reaching social, political, economic and governance changes. It is the levels of change that were registered in these contexts that would quality to term the American Revolution as either radical or otherwise1. To create full understanding of the nature of the revolution, one also needs to delve into the pre-existing conditions and ideologies at the time, and how such conditions compare with the period after the revolution. In so doing, an individual is able to trace the changes that occurred in various aspects, and thus manage to clearly understand the nature of the revolution that occurred, as either radical or otherwise2. Considering the words of Breen, in his book; Marketplace of Revolution, where he observes that â₠¬Å"customary markets had suddenly become dangerously politicized2†, there is no doubt therefore, that the American Revolution was radical. Therefore, this discussion argues that the American Revolution was radical. The revolution was a function of both the colonists and the indigenous Americans, who perceived the rule of Britain as oppressive and demeaning. The dissatisfaction started with the acts of the British government to demand taxes from the Americans, both the indigenous and colonists, which prompted them to perceive the action as an aspect of economic oppression, and thus started to rebel against the payment of such taxes3. The rebellion did not just occur silently, but involved the active mobilization of people to resist the call to pay up such taxes. The active resistance was done without the fear of dangerous repercussions that the colonists could face. They engaged in active resistance, where â€Å"they challenged traditional authority and risked their lives†2. The economic conditions that the British government had established did not favor the colonists, since they could not reap good rewards from the labor that they were applying in their farms. The introduction of economic conditions such as the stamp tax had completely changed the relationship between the Great Britain and the American colonies, prompting a high resistance from the American colonists. In fact, â€Å"No one had planned such a dramatic shift in political perspective†3. The produce of their farms were bought at lower prices, which did not grant them any satisfaction. It is against this background that the colonists engaged in active resistance of the rules and the economic terms that were established by the British government, since, â€Å"white Americans believed that they had in some measures, been wronged by economic practices that paid them less than they thought they deserved for their labor or crops†4. Therefore, the ordinary American colonists p articipated in the revolution through resisting the traditional authorities and the economic terms such as salaries for their labor, and prices for their farm products, which were established by the British government in the colonies. However, it is not all of the American colonists that supported the revolution. There were some â€Å"Loyalists-those who retained their allegiance to the crown†, who perceived the revolution and its aftermath as a loss of liberty6. However, many of such loyalists

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Implementation of an Integral ERP System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Implementation of an Integral ERP System - Essay Example All these tasks have to performed on the real-time basis. Inventory control is one of the key areas, where a lot of companies claims to have saved the lot of money, which otherwise spent on manual inventory. Â  Here, an attempt has been made to understand the ERP solution, being used at Actavis, which is my SCM from the SAP. The system seems to be slightly low performing at the real-time, so a recommendation to adopt PeopleSoft Enterprise available from Oracle has been made. Advantages of the new system have been elaborated. Justification of change and a complete action plan has been prepared. A cost reduction, while using this system has been anticipated, mostly from inventory control. Â  2.0 Introduction: The changes over the past decade have expanded the business of many Fortune 500 and International companies. ERP had made an integral element within these large organizations. The modern ERP system performs "what if" analyzes for various processes, track human resource information, manage warehouses and allow sophisticated analysis and tracking of customer buying habits and preferences. These modern ERP systems are capable to track, monitor and share data across multiple locations (Karl et al, 2001, p. 22). Â  quality pharmaceutical bus... Â  e (About Actavis n.d.) and uses a Supply Chain Management (SCM) package of SAP Germany, to monitor, supply chain management, inventory management and sales records. Although the system is effective it is very low while executing. Actavis, being multinational is advised to adopt an ERP package from Oracle for improving supply chain management, throughout the globe. 3.0 Description of the current situation: At present mySCM from SAP is being used at the local location of the company Actavis. A day-to-day inventory management is being monitored and production is advised accordingly. To achieve a better production, supply, demand management, the following points need to be taken into consideration. Â  Production planning at all locations throughout the globe. Â  Consumption and demand patterns. Â  Supplying the product according to demand from one of the manufacturing location to obtain cost-effectiveness. Â  Distribution and customer services. Â  The current software is not able to deal with all the points as mentioned above, therefore in the current situation, there is a need to improve the supply chain management to achieve better results in sales, production in profits. Â   Â  

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

RAPHAEL MAZZUCCO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

RAPHAEL MAZZUCCO - Essay Example Through his works, Raphael Mazzucco has left a thrilled and provocative colophon on the fine arts community. His latest release, â€Å"The Iceland Collection’ offers his audience a rare opportunity to share in his love affair with his surroundings and nature. Through the mixed media one vividly realizes Raphael’s love of photography. His artistic skills are quite exceptional allowing him to produce images that are astounding in their honesty and instigates deep pathos, as well as spur new heights of excitement (Rosenbaum Contemporary, 01). Raphael, a seasoned lens man, has garnered massive attention from outstanding fashion clients including Bergdorf Goodman, Guess Jeans, and Victoria’s Secret. Fascinatingly his photographs have featured prominently in the front pages of French and Italian magazines. His arrival into the art world was met with a loud applaud as well as criticism after he conducted a global excursion in which he exhibited his works. While the wor ld of literature, especially art, continues advancing, Raphael stands out as an iconic shutterbug and artist who has captured sensual and alluring moments in the lives of American women, his legacy with span several generations. His aptitude to express himself from an overwhelmingly raw perception leaves his imprimatur in our culture and depicts the ever-changing gorgeous world (Rosenbaum Contemporary, 02). In â€Å"Below the Sky; 2013," Raphael overly interlocks various colors that lead to the creation of a bright 2-Dimensional (2D) image. The artwork uses light blue color, silver, and black color excessively to create an attractive image of a woman surrounded by sharp lines that look like sharp sticks or lances. It depicts plains that lie under a vast sky. The black color is speckled in various spots in the portrayed with a major concentration in the backside near the frames of the portrait. He uses a brownish color to depict the landscape

Nursing theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing theory - Essay Example JBI is a research institute located within the University of Adelaide in the region of Southern Australia; it is a non profit research area and is a member based organization (JBI, 2012). The purpose of the organization is to work in collaboration with 70 international entities for the expansion and support of health car system and health care services provided throughout the world. These three organizations are very essential for the development and the progress of the profession of nursing. These facilities provide services of research and development to the profession of nursing and these institutes promote the notion of high quality health care services through their research activities. These organizations have even taken the responsibility of bring technological advancements to the health care systems throughout the world in order to provide effective and efficient means of treatment to patients. All these organizations are very important for the future of the profession of hea lth care and the well being of individuals throughout the

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

Political science - Essay Example This paper assesses the success and shortcomings of the Oslo process from the Israeli point of view. This will help to learn lessons, which can be adopted in future political processes between Israeli and Palestine. In order to assess the success and shortcomings of the Oslo process from the Israeli point of view, it is important to consider the national goals of Israel. According to Brom (92), the national goal of Israel is to have full Israel sovereignty over all parts of the historical land of Israel. Basing on this, it can be argued that the Oslo process failed, since it contradicted the main national goal of the Israelis. This process then, according to Israelis, was flawed. It was quite clear that in order for the Oslo process to ensure an agreement between the Israelis and Palestinians, the territory of the historical land of Israelis had to be divided between the Palestinians and Israelis. In addition, the national vision of Israelis to ensure the existence of Israel as a democratic nation state of the Jewish people. Therefore, Israel expected that any political process with Palestinians would be based on their principle of two states for two peoples (Brom 93). However, this vision is considered unrealistic, and today, Israel is far away from achieving this vision. Nonetheless, the Oslo process failed in ending the status quo. Today, Israel is still pushing towards the achievement of a bi-national state, as it still retains the West Bank, and continues to expand its settlement enterprise. The Oslo process did not ensure the security of Israel. During the process, Israel had to take security risks. For instance, when Palestinian labourers were allowed to work Israel, this was a security risk to Israel (Brom 95). It is also believed that the Oslo process encouraged the Palestinians to embrace violence and resist the occupation of Israeli through armed protests. Therefore, the Oslo process gave the

Monday, July 22, 2019

Public Transport Essay Example for Free

Public Transport Essay Public transport can be define as a system of vehicles such as buses and trains, which operate at regular times on fixed routes and are used by the public. In Malaysia, the number of vehicle on the road has been increase in every year. It shows that the public now is affordable to have at least a motorcycle as their daily transport rather than use the public transport. The public should not use the public transport because the risk of being the criminal victim will increase the people need to wait a long time for the public transport and the public cannot have comfort in their journey to their destination. Firstly, the disadvantages of using public transport are the risk of being the criminal victim is high .Many criminal case is being reported is causes when the public using this kind of transport. Raped and snatch crime is the most common cases that causes by the public transport. As example, when a woman used the public transport such as bus lonely, she will sit beside someone that she does not know the background, behavior or its intention to her. It is also dangerous when a person in a crowded train, many people around her will take advantage to snatch her wallet unconsciously. In addition, when using the public transport, people cannot have a comfortable journey to their destination. Some of the public transport such as bus is usually dirty and smelly. It will make the passenger uncomfortable due to that condition instead they using their own car .Beside that, when there is too much passenger in a train or bus , it is impossible to have a seat although they pay same fare as well as other people. Some special people such as disabled person and old folks may be treated bad when they are in the public transport. Moreover, the disadvantages of using public transport are the people need to wait for a long time to have a bus or train. People will waste their time during they waiting for the public transport instead they used their own transport to go whenever they desired anytime. As example, when a person is having an emergency such as death in the family while he using a public transport, it will be take a long time for him to reach his destination on the time. However, there is an advantage when using the public transport in which it will prevent the environment from pollution such as air or land. Furthermore, when using the public transport, the traffic jam in a city also can be reduce at the same time because the causes of the traffic jam is when there is too much vehicle entering the city. When there is too much vehicle, the percentage or risk of an accident to occur is also high. As the conclusion, the usage of public transport is more contribute to the disadvantages to us. People should emphasize and realize that when they using the public transport ,risk of being the criminal victim will increased , the people need to wait a long time for the public transport and the public cannot have comfort in their journey to their destination.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Cut throat competition in business

Cut throat competition in business In this world of cut throat competition one of the most important aspects in business is marketing. The principal motto of marketing is to promote and secure the reputation of the product and the services, so that the market would recognize, acknowledge and accept the products and services. The production and distribution of goods and services is directly proportional to the quality of its marketing. The better and innovative the marketing strategy, the better is the goods and services distribution. So, then it is no wonder that businesses are hunting and scouring like anything for unconventional and off-the-wall marketing tactics. Organizations these days can choose from an assortment of marketing and sales strategies. The goal here is to make the buyers market aware of their products and services. One of the most cost effective , productive and fruitful ways of marketing these days is online marketing such as blogging and pay-per-click ads. These online marketing blogs not only make it feasible for the masses to be informed , enlightened, and educated about the motley of products and services that they can profit from but also make them more researchable and conceivable. Thus, in order to be discovered and consequently remain in the public memory, investing in marketing becomes indispensable for the company or the business. Another online marketing technique extensively used these days is affiliate marketing. Affiliate marketing entails advertising or broadcasting the product or service online , wherein, the advertisers and the broadcasters ( i.e. the business persons who have to sell their products and services ) remunerate publishers and promoters ( i.e. the nonpartisan groups willing to publicize and promote the goods and services offered by a business person on their web site.) these advertisers pay only if the promotion leads to a deal or a transaction. Which implies that if the publisher wishes to be remunerated in a generous and handsome manner his/her marketing should be strong and effective enough to induce the visitor to make a purchase or at least fill in a form. The business persons here to trade and sell their products and services are known as â€Å"the affiliate merchants †and the parties volunteering to publicize and promote their goods and services are known as â€Å"the affilia tes† . http://www.cj.com/about/affiliate_marketing.html The merits and benefits of affiliate marketing are numerous. Affiliate marketing has led to the growth and rise of umpteen online businesses and companies, including the likes of amazon.com. the income prospects associated with affiliate markets are great and lucrative. . All one has to do is add more and more websites and advertise a potpourri of goods and services on their respective affiliate programs to reap maximum benefits. The best thing about affiliate marketing is that it allows you to be your own master. You hold the reins to your work and career , in that , you get to choose when to work , with whom to work , which product is to be promoted etc. to add to all these benefits one also gets to work from his/her home. In the best top ten affiliate marketing companies chart 2010, the top slot is occupied by Experience Advertising of Florida u.s.a . Experience Advertising boasts of more than 50 active clients and is the proud affiliate marketer of companies having illustrious reputation like BistroMD.com, Babytobee.com, Thenerds.net, Date.com etc. and has a very impressive client retention rate of 99%. Founded in the year 2007 Experience Advertisings core practice areas are affiliate marketing, social media optimization and content creation. With only 1-10 , well trained, full time employees having intimate knowledge of online marketing Experience Advertising generated a humongous revenue of $ 1 million $ 2,999,999. what makes Experience Advertising so successful are the prolific and intellectually productive services it provides like active affiliate managers, free site and blog building, regular account management and newsletters and banners of the highest quality. http://www.topseos.com/experience-advertising MARKETING CORP another affiliate marketing company coming up , in the image of Experience Advertising , intends to provide exceptional affiliate marketing services. MARKETING CORP will broadcast and advertise the web sites of product owners through Google advertisement. Like Experience Advertising , MARKETING CORP will endeavor to build relations with its affiliates on a personal level.. our amiable affiliate handlers have consummate knowledge of HTML, social media, SEO, link building , PPC management and article marketing strategies. We intend to serve our affiliates by providing all the tools , resources and assistance required to increase the likelihood of a greater revenue production. Whether you are a beginner or a virtuoso we can always help you better your prospects. One of Experience Advertisings most successful and demanded free tool is the Content Request Tool, which will also be provided by MARKETING CORPS. This tool permits the affiliate to ask for and choose between a singular article, for which they will decide the title, or a distinctive merchant review. Customers need not worry about the cost of these outstanding services because MARKETING CORP wont charge anything for any service it provides. The company has on its team some very skilled writers who will write articles and reviews for their customers. Another tool regarded with great favor by the general public is the free site/ blog building tool which builds a site online for its customer in minutes. MARKETING CORPS will also provide newsletters and banners of very high quality. The designs , patterns and emblems offered by MARKETING CORPS are professional and seemly . also, MARKETING CORPS will , just like Experience Advertising, design sites and landing pages for its customers for free. MARKETING CORPS will constantly work to improve its designs because they in turn improve the performance of the online company, as many online marketing gurus will say. Similarly when it comes to daily account management MARKETING CORPS, like Experience advertising , will make sure that online company customers will not have to stand by for examination , assessment and sanction. To ensure the satisfaction of its customers MARKETING CORPS will make it a point to assess and approve the online companies it serves many times a day, everyday. Answer ing emails without delay will also be a part of daily account management. In order to build and maintain long lasting affiliate relationships MARKETING CORPS will receive calls and answer queries even at night and also on weekends , because like its role model Experience Advertising , MARKETING CORPS also believes that affiliate marketing is a 24/7 job. Furthermore , MARKETING CORPS will also provide Paid Search Management services which is the most demanded marketing instrument on the net. MARKETING CORPS keeps in mind that the needs and requirements of each and every company is different. What suits one company might not suit other companies. MARKETING CORPS will therefore do a thorough research and learn all about your business ventures before coming up with its designs and plans. Like Experience Advertising MARKETING CORPS also believes in breaking down , dissecting and scrutinizing even the most productive and fruitful campaigns. These ideas and campaigns are then modified , honed and perfected from time to time. Thus MARKETING CORPS will bring to its online companies and businesses the expertise , skills , knowledge and experience of its affiliate managers who are all well recognized in the industry .

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Religion a hindrance towards the development of societies

Religion a hindrance towards the development of societies As difficult as it can get to define religion, it gets even harder to explain its parameters. There has not been a general consensus on the definition of religion although social scientists have long tried to provide clarity to the definition of religion as it fits best to justify their work. Belief is at the core of Religion (Jeff Haynes, 1997). According to Jeff, Bellah termed religion as, a set of symbolic forms and acts which relate man [sic] to the ultimate conditions of his existence. Jeff interprets these ultimate conditions of existence in two ways, in material and spiritual sense. I will be modifying the material sense of conditions as those pertaining to the political, social and economic factors defining the sophistication of modern world. Empirical and theoretical researchers have long stressed on only the instrumental factors affecting the development of society. It is important to understand that these instrumental factors are insufficient to reflect true results withou t the inclusion of qualitative factors such as religion. The effect of religion on the economic development of an economy cannot be fairly established without defining economic development. This concept has been a popular one among the economic and social scientists throughout the history of economics. However, the inclusion of terms to define this concept has varied. The concept of economic development lies beyond the conventional boundaries. It is not just a mere calculation of income levels per person in an economy. As noted by Amartya Sen in his book Development as Freedom, it is not simply adequate to take the maximization of income or wealth as our basic objective. Rather than quantifying economic development as a function of wealth or income it should be more focused with its relevance in enhancing the lives being lead and the freedoms being enjoyed. The concept of economic development is far younger than that of religion. Religion and prosperity have often been seen essential to exist side by side. The presence of one has serious implications on the other. The inclusion of religion in economics was first introduced by Adam Smith, who is also known as the Economist of Religion. He viewed religion from a public finance perspective. Adam Smith argues about the idea of increased competitiveness under the presence of different religious institutions in an economy. His approach towards religion and its role in economics was rather a neglected one but he raised some broader questions that have been centre of research by many contemporary economists. These questions pertain to whether competitive religions or established (state) monopoly churches or both are a fundamental requirement in achieving optimality in religious markets. Many economists have worked on making a statement about Adam Smiths stance on religion in economics. Gary And erson (1988) extended the argument to the farthest reach. According to him, Smith argues in favor of free-market anarchism stronger than in any of his works. Adam Smith regarded the notion of moral sense as tied with the concept of self-love, altruism and the right to interact with others on a contractual basis. It was Max Weber who dealt with the impact of religion on economic forces by stressing the effect of religion on economy through its direct influence on the individual traits of the economic agents. According to Weber, religion affected individuals by making them more or less productive hence indirectly effecting the operation of an economy. Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary were the ones who found religion to have a positive effect on economic development. The parameters defining development were cooperation, government, working women, legal rules, thriftiness and per capita income levels. The effects of religion differ between and across religious denominations, but overall, their studies found that Christianity based on the attendance level in churches and belief in life after death is associated positively with attitudes conducive to economic growth. However, there have been economists like John L. Perkins who have criticized the existence of religion as a sole determinant of econ omic retardation in the developing country. He is one of the few contemporary western economists that have tried capturing the effects of religion particularly Islam on the socio-economic evolution of a society. However, there has not been much work done on Pakistan and its development in the context of religion. Thesis Statement The main hypothesis is to find if the economic failure of Pakistan is self inflicted or caused by political and socio economic forces beyond control. Is it the growing religious fanaticism that is hindering the growth and development of Pakistani society as projected by the world nowadays? Approach and Development The paper addresses some crucial questions that need to be answered in the wake of the past decades events. There is a growing dissent towards the role of Pakistan in the modern world. The concerns are not only raised by international community but also by the moderate citizens within the country. The cries to bring about a change have been raised by people who are being victimized by the internal situation of the country, majority of them being women, minorities and the educated middle class. The paper intends to focus on addressing a vital question. Can religion play a role in the retardation of the economic development or wellbeing of the society? How have the so called Islamic laws such as Hudood Ordinance left a devastating impact on women and minorities? What is the future of Pakistan in terms of its economy and the level of prosperity? Is it time to review the extent of religious interference with the matters of the government? These questions will be addressed by conducting a research and analyzing the influence of religion on economic progress and development. Religion and economic development will both be defined in terms of certain factors based on the amended definitions presented in the early part of the proposal. The paper will focus on religiosity as an empirical determinant of economic development in Pakistan. Robert R. Barro and Rachel M. McCleary in their working paper, Religion and Economic growth captured the effect of religion by considering the effect of church attendance and religious beliefs. This paper will provide as a starting point for this research paper. The empirical model used in their paper can be amended and adopted to cater to the needs of a developing country, in this case Pakistan. However it is important to note that the motive here is not to capture the effect of the typical dictionary term religion on economic development of a society. The events happening around us do not require an answer to this question anymore. It is the extent of the adoption of religion resulting in religious extremism that requires the attention of economists. The data used by Barro in his paper has a few drawbacks when modified for the case of Pakistan. As the approach to assessing the possi ble effects of Islam on the economic growth of Pakistan has to cater for the changes in the way religion is defined nowadays, the two fundamental variables used in his work are not applicable here any more. The inclusion of attendance to church (mosques in this case) does not signify anything about the evident extremism in the country. It is therefore important to base the research on the right questions. These sample questions are compiled from a variety of questions pooled in for The measurement of Family Religiosity and Spirituality for Indicators for Child, Family and Community Connections. These will help answer the vital questions presented earlier. Variables that can define religiosity in Pakistan better can possibly include like: Religious school enrollment in Pakistan. These schools are the madrassahs that focus on the religion as mode of teaching. There is a clear distinction between private and public schools which follow a regular curriculum with the inclusion of knowledge of religion only. Level of religious communication at home. This includes the frequency with which religion is preached at home. The nature of religious beliefs. This focuses on distinguishing if the person is just spiritual and not religious. Desire, willingness or involvement in religious training camps and activities. Similarity in religious beliefs to ones parents and partner. How comfortable does the person feel to be around people sharing strong beliefs? Religion through media. To what extent are people trying to explore more of their religion through the use of different religious web-sites, chat rooms and religious programming on television? The willingness to find opportunities to learn more about religion. The willingness towards women achieving higher education. The level of tolerance towards a secular state rather than a religious monopoly. Does the person view complete Shariah rule as a necessary step. The paper will use survey data based on questions designed to capture the level of extremism prevailing in the society. Individual data will be collected for the survey applying to 1000-2000 respondents. The survey data will be used to form country-wide average of data which will be based on questions pertaining to the data compiled for Pakistan. The result of this research would help in highlighting the partial correlation between measures of religiosity and indicators of economic development. These indicators might be the women representation in the country, GDP per capita, percentage of people living under poverty line, capital and investment inflow, freedom to minorities, literacy rate and level of migration etc. In compiling research data it has to be kept in mind that there are certain problems associated with the empirical data of this nature. A main limitation of this research is the possible reversibility of the causation effect of the data. This pertains to the problem of determining if economic growth is affected by increased religiosity or is this extremism an outcome of vicious economic traps faced by developing economies. Another limitation is the inability of economic development to take into account just the economic factors. Religion influences the development of not only the economic forces but also has serious political and social implications. Similarly there are other determinants such as culture that are closely linked with religion in countries with strong historical background. These determinants tend to create a bias towards the findings of how religiosity can influence development. This problem has to be dealt with very carefully when analyzing empirical work. Implications of Research The area of religion and economic development is a very sensitive and dangerous one to handle. It has been analyzed for years by social scientists but there has not been much done on Islam and its effect on Pakistan over the decade when it was much needed. There is a need for new set of parameters defining religion as there is a fine line between spirituality and religious extremism which has to be revealed in order to understand the mechanisms of a developing country with religious monopoly. This study will help overcome this gap and will assist in finding answers about the future of Pakistan and its role in the modern world.

Essay --

Participation of hyperglycemia in triggering the multiple oxidative stress pathways in the course of diabetes. AngII: angiotensin II; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; Jac/STAT: janus kinase (Jac)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT); LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MetS: metabolic syndrome; NF-ÃŽ ºb: nuclear transcription factor ÃŽ ºb; †¢NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; †¢O2−: superoxide anion radical; †¢OH: hydroxyl radical; ONOO−: peroxynitrite; PCKÃŽ ´: protein kinase C ÃŽ ´. Adapted from Johansen et al., 2005 The increased oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes is therefore a magnitude of several abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia, each of which contributes to mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in endothelial cells of large and small vessels as well as the myocardium[15] COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES Whether diabetes occurs as a result of type 1, the early-onset and predominantly insulin-dependent form, or type 2, the late-onset... Essay -- Participation of hyperglycemia in triggering the multiple oxidative stress pathways in the course of diabetes. AngII: angiotensin II; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; Jac/STAT: janus kinase (Jac)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT); LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MetS: metabolic syndrome; NF-ÃŽ ºb: nuclear transcription factor ÃŽ ºb; †¢NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; †¢O2−: superoxide anion radical; †¢OH: hydroxyl radical; ONOO−: peroxynitrite; PCKÃŽ ´: protein kinase C ÃŽ ´. Adapted from Johansen et al., 2005 The increased oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes is therefore a magnitude of several abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia, each of which contributes to mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in endothelial cells of large and small vessels as well as the myocardium[15] COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES Whether diabetes occurs as a result of type 1, the early-onset and predominantly insulin-dependent form, or type 2, the late-onset...

Friday, July 19, 2019

Compare/Contrast Cinderella Essay -- Essays Compare Vietnam Essays

Compare/Contrast Cinderella Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Walt Disney Company is a powerful economic and cultural phenomenon known throughout the United States and the world as a provider of family entertainment (Maltin, 1, 308). Its media and entertainment holdings establish it as a central communicator in contemporary life. As such, it provides many of the first narratives children use to learn about the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Ward, 1). Disney has always been family oriented making it one of the main attractions of reading something Disney. They always have an innocent feeling to their stories, which makes it more appealing for children. But in Vietnamese fairytales a family oriented story may be somewhat gory or violent. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The stories from Vietnam tell us about their culture, their beliefs, and their determination throughout timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Ly, 1). The 1950 version of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cinderellaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, written by Walter Disney and adapted by Campbell Grant, has some differences and similarities to the Vietnamese à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tam and Camà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, by Vo Van Thang and Jim Larsen. They differ in their violent content in their stories but similarly have a great deal of magic included and also both have prevalent characters to help them find their way. Being a Disney tale à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cinderellaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? was not a very violent story. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Our analysis of morality in entertainment is limited and stylized at present. Violence in the media is a major concern, and we research it relentlessly. But our treatments are typically moralistic and academically superficialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Christians, foreward). In Disney it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“moralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to not use violence and it is also what is culturally acceptable. In Vietnam it is culturally significant to present the violence how it is and it is told to children in this same way. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The stories came about as a means of escaping their everyday lives and a way to live out their dream worldsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Ly, 1). Tam was the good sister and Cam was the evil stepsister who took orders from her evil stepmother. Tam finally had one last chance to get back at them both for the misery they put her through, and she took her chance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When Cam was in th e hole Tam ordered the servants to pour in the boiling water, and so her stepsister met her death. Tam had the body made into mam, a rich sauce, and sent it to her stepmother, saying that it was a present from her daughter. Each day the woman ate some of the mam with her meals, always c... ...ish bones in four jars later in the story the four jars become all the ingredients Tam needed to attend the Kingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s festival. The Buddha not only shows her the path to her destiny but also shows her how ordinary, not so beautiful things can become, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reincarnateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? into extraordinary things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cinderellaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tam and Camà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? are so much alike especially using the workings of magic throughout these tales and also differ in the way that these stories use violence to represent their cultures. Their hope comes from these characters that help them on their paths for Cinderella it was her fairy godmother who created magic and for Tam it was a Buddha who hinted her to create magic reincarnation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Disney, Walter E. Cinderella. Walt Disney's Cinderella. Comp. Campbell Grant. N.p.: n.p., 1950. 516-517 Ly, Hugh H. Vietnamese Children's Stories. 17 July 2003. Pacific University. 1 Apr. 2005 Van Thang, Vo. Jim Larson. Tam and Cam. Tam and Cam (Vietnam). N.p.: n.p., 1993. 228-233 Ward, Annalee R. Clifford G. Christians. Mouse Morality: The Rhetoric of Disney Animated Film. Austin, TX: University Of Texas P, 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Thursday, July 18, 2019

My choice of topic falls on the first one †the Barbara case

This story is about delivery of new born and the choice of sex before the birth of a child. The parents can actually have babies of the desired sex at the desired time. It also talks about choosing further – choosing the characters of a baby. This story also tells about two women living together and having to bring forth a child, fulfilling their dreams. They need not necessary adopt a baby who does not carry their blood. So generally the story is about reproduction, parenthood and choices of it.There is also an element of same sex marriage, the rights to it and legalization of the same. There is the example of man and woman relationship that one of Dan and Barbara and an example of the woman and woman one but the bottom line here is that both sets of couples have brought forth babies. The common thing about the babies is that their parents chose the characters of their babies. My response to the read story is that it is such a technology is real helping people especially in t his age where parents can not afford many babies.So getting the right sex as per the parents desire is something really good. The other very important thing is that the parents get to know if they are expecting a boy or a girl, they get to shop for the right stuff in advance, and also get the best name for the baby. I fully agree with the writer about Barbara wanting two babies a boy and a girl. It is so wonderful that technology will help people realize their dreams. I found a new thing that some hereditary factors can be altered.When Barbara says ‘ and while I was at it, I made sure that Max wouldn’t turn out to be fat like my brother Tom, or addicted to alcohol like Dan’s sister Karen’ this surprised me that one can refuse their kids to carry a negative gene that’s in the family! This makes me think that at this rate, with the current technology even diseases that run through some families will be dealt with such that babies will be enjoying perf ect health. It makes me wonder if crippled people be no more. Perhaps technology can detect this earlier and fix the problem. In my understanding science and technology will outdo nature.When this technology was lacking people just waited for nature to take its course about sex and character of a baby. Parents only knew what they had expecting after it was actually born. I really dislike the two mothers’ part. Although people should be given the right to choose how they will lead their lives; I quite dislike this one thing about same sex marrying. I think it is only fair for a child to have a mother and a father. Not two fathers or two mothers. I really like the fact that the two can realize their dreams of having a baby. The fact that the baby has both parents’ genes is to me better than the two women having to adopt a baby.

Woman in White

Womens Rights collins hammers home the steer that women in England, regard slight of their genial standing, their education, their deterrent example behavior or their finances, go for some heavy rights for protection. Laura Fairlie is robbed of her individualism and her inheritance by a greedy, unscrupulous husband. Mrs. Catherick has her reputation ruin by a misunderstanding that leaves her disassociate and al genius at the mercy of the hu worldhoodity who ca used the misunderstanding. Anne Catherick is falsely imprisoned in a mental institution, as is her half-sister Laura Fairlie.Both escape with extinct the uphold of some(prenominal) populace and go into hiding. wageress Eleanor Fairlie Fosco is denied her rightful(prenominal) inheritance by her older associate Philip simply because he disapproves of her nuptials. This drives her to crime to invite back her inheritance. Laura Fairlie is assaulted by her husband and finds no help from the law to protect her, and pull put through her guardian, Frederick Fairlie, An Analysis of Female Identity in Wilkie collinss The charr in whitened This hold looks at the issue of egg-producing(prenominal) identity operator in Wilkie Collinss The muliebrity in etiolated.It analyzes some(prenominal)(prenominal) key settings from the sassy to reveal how tress and style inevitably influence the authority of identity, as substanti e genuinelyy as assessing the schoolbook in relation to musical style, donationicularly the sliceipulation of the Gothic in Collinss story. A prevalent theme in The cleaning charwoman in smock is confinement. Both Anne Catherick and Laura Fairlie atomic number 18 intent in a mental foundation by Sir Percival Glyde. The raw effectively re spiels conventional Gothic conventions in its depictions of confinement and the female byices jailer.The Woman in White be aches to the genre of sensation impression parable, Collinss novel being regarded as ripe as it is the starting line, and arguably the spaciousest, of the side of meat necromancer novels. sense impression fiction is gener tot everyyy considered a hybrid genre in that it combines the elements of dawdle familiar to ratifiers of Gothic fiction and the home(prenominal) context familiar to readers of realist fiction. In The Woman in White the terrors of eighteenth-century Gothic fiction be transferred from their exotic medieval settings, much(prenominal) as those employed in the novels of Ann Radcliffe, and relocate in contemporary nineteenth-century English inn.Melodrama is a genre snugly related to m otherwise witalism. some of the features of melodrama, much(prenominal) as extreme states of being, military posts, actions ignominious plottings and suspense, be distinctly app arent in the storyline of The Woman in White. The character of Laura Fairlie comes closest to a typical melodramatic heroine, especi every(a)y in terms of bodily appearance, being young, fair and beautiful. She in each case embodies both purity and powerlessness. How perpetu entirelyy her role in the story is curiously passive as she is denied a formal narrative voice.Her passiveness is the counterpart of her half-sister Marian Halcombes activity. Marian is a complex individual whose characterization locomote outside conventional literary or social models, partially evinced in the smasher physical contrast between her case and body. Walter informs the reader that her figure is tall, yet non too tall comely and well-developed her waist, idol in the eyes of a man (p. 31). Yet her facial features are slightly inconsistent with her body the dark d possess on her upper lip was near a moustache. She had a large, firm, masculine talk and jaw (p. 32).The formal spirit of Walters interpretation employs melodramatic techniques yet the incongruous electrical capacity of this verbal description appears to challenge melodramatic conventions. Sensation ficti ons emphasis on plot subject matter that it often dep annuls on secrets, which seem uninterrupted as when one secret is unc everyplaceed, some other is revealed. The presence of secrets inevitably invites spying, an action Marian chooses to build in one of the novels close suspenseful scenes, when, fearing that her half-sisters livelihood may be in danger, she spies on the villains Sir Percival and Count Fosco in the dead of night.A forbidding atmosp present is swiftly established with an air of menace clearly apparent in the im exploitnt rain, depict as being threatening, epoch the adjectives black, pitch and blinding are used to evoke the impenetrability of the nights required darkness. Marians decision to listen at the window seems to be partially decided by Count Foscos opinions of her sharpness and heroism. Later on in his and Percivals conversation, Fosco asserts that Marian has the foresight and resolution of a man (p. 30). The shedding of her womanly attire in b on ton to facilitate her position on the roof goes someway to consolidate this identity as a masculinized woman, a eccentric fairly common in perception fiction. However Marian is somewhat at odds with the heroines of to the soaringest degree sensationalist novels in her fundamental moral pro eccentric persony, evinced in this scene with her eagerness to find one instrument to justify her subsequent actions to herself I cute barely one motive to dominance the act to my own conscience (p. 24), purpose it in the form of her half-sister Lauras honour, Lauras happiness Lauras living itself might depend on my speedy ears and my faithful memory tonight (p. 324). The unquestionable passages detailing her spying on Percival and Fosco are especially tense, partially through Marians s get through her position on the roof is precariously close to the Countesss bedroom and it is apparent, from the light posterior the window, that the woman is non yet in bed.The paragraph that discloses this fact to the reader is imperturbable of sentences comprising numerous short clauses, some of further two words in length, as well as a profuse use of dashes stylistic effects that abide by in hi controlg the reader ever closer to the strangeness and peril (p. 328) of Marians situation, and the arrest, which she could non shoulder (p. 328). Also Collinss use of direct speech in depict the villains conversation consolidates this effect, and added with the moodily Gothic ambience, succeeds in bringing the reader into uncomfortably close proximity to Marians au consequentlytic situation.The style of narrative an author adopts inevitably effects the nature of their characters. In The Woman in White we see the characters of female protagonists shaped by both formal and contextual decisions. This name has gone some way into revealing how identities are constructed through a compounding of narrative methods and genre conventions, as well as the actual content of C ollinss novel, such as other characters and settings. The Woman in White was an incredibly popular novel.Collins skilled creation of suspense made for an immensely successful work amongst the blue(a) populace. title-holder FICTION Contemporary Reviews and Responses The following reviews of Victorian sensation fiction are place according to theme and author. The reviews included here are are plainly a small sampling of Victorian reply to and enthusiasm for sensation fiction. In future, this compendium leave be much natural and will feature full reviews sort of than selected characters.Sensation Fiction in General At no age, so outlying(prenominal) as we are aware, has there yet existed any involvement resembling the exceptional flood of novels which is now pouring over this land certainly with fertilising results, so far as the manufacture itself is concerned. at that place were days, well-fixed days as one motionless may ascertain from the gossip of the seniors of society when an author was a natural curiosity, recognise and stared at as became the rarity of the phenomenon.No such thing is possible nowadays, when just about deal give up been in print one way or other when stains of sign linger on the prettiest of fingers, and to write novels is the modal(prenominal) condition of a large section of society. Margaret Oliphant on Count Fosco from The Woman in White The violent stimulant of attendant publication of weekly publication, with its necessity for shop at and rapid recurrence of piquant situation and startling incident is the thing of all others most likely to develop the germ, and bring it to fuller and darker bearing. What Mr.Wilkie Collins has done with distributesome care and laborious reticence, his followers will attempt without any such discretion. No divine influence can be imagined as presiding over the birth of the sensation writers work, beyond the market-law of demand and tot no more immortality is dreamed o f for it than for the fashions of the current season. A commercial atmosphere floats nigh works of this class, redolent of the manfactory and the shop. The public wants novels, and novels mustiness be made so umpteen yards of printed stuff, sensation-pattern, to be ready by the base of the season.H. L. Mansel, Quarterly Review, 113 (April 1863) 495 6. Sensation Fiction and the Woman Reader Todays heroines in English novels include Women driven wild with love for the man who leads them on to desperation before he accords that word of encouragement that carries them into the seventh enlightenment women who marry their grooms in fits of sensual irritation women who pray their lovers to carry them out from the husbands and homes they hatred women who dampen and receive burning kisses and emotional embraces, and live in a profuse dream. the dreaming maiden aits now for military personnel body and muscles, for strong arms that seize her, and fond breath that thrills her through, and a host of other physical charitys which she indicates to the world with a elegant f roveness. On the other side of the picture, it is, of course, the brownish-yellow hair and undulating form, the warm flesh and gleaming colour, for which the youth sighs. this eagerness for physical sensation is represented as the natural model of English girls. * * * * * * * doll Audleys Secret brought in the rein of bigamy as an arouseing and fashionable crime, which no doubt shows a certain abidance to the British relish for law and order.It goes a throwst the seventh commandment, no doubt, and it does it in a legitimate sort of way, and is an invention which could only have been possible to an Englishwoman knowing the attraction of im correctitude, and yet loving the shelter of law. There is nonhing more violently inappropriate to our moral sense, in all the contradictions to bespoke they present to us, than the utter un obstruction in which the heroines of this order ar e allowed to expatiate and develop their impulsive, stormy, ablaze characters.We believe it is one chief among their umteen dangers to youthful readers that they open out a picture of life bighearted from all the perhaps irksome checks that confine their own existence. The heroine of this class of novel is charming because she is undisciplined, and the victim of impulse because she has never known restraint or has cast it aside, because in all these respects she is below the thoroughly accomplished and tried woman. Wilkie Collins The Woman in White Mr. Collins is an admirable story-teller, though he is not a heavy(p) novelist.His plots are framed with mechanicic cleverness he unfolds them bit by bit, clearly, and with huge care and each chapter is a most skilful sequel to the chapter before. He does not attempt to paint character or passion. He is not in the to the lowest degree imaginative. He is not by any means a master of pathos. The bewitchment which he exercises over the mind of his reader consists in this that he is a nifty constructor. Each of his stories is a puzzle, the key to which is not handed to us till the one-third volume.With him, accordingly, character, passion, and pathos are mere improver colouring which he employs to set off the central situation in his narrative. work force and women he draws, not for the sake of illustrating human nature and lifes change phases, or exercising his own powers of creation, save simply and solely with fibre to the part it is necessary they should play in tangling or disentangling his argument. He is, as we have said, a very ingenious constructor but ingenious construction is not high art, just as cabinet-making and joining is not high art.Mechanical talent is what every ample artist ought to possess. Mechanical talent, however, is not replete to entitle a man to rank as a great artist Nobody leaves one of his tales unfinished. This is a great compliment to his skill. But then very hardly a(prenominal) feel at all inclined to read them a irregular time. Our curiosity once satisfied, the charm is gone. any that is left is to admire the art with which the curiosity was excited. In response to Saturday Review scuttlebutt above The Woman in White is the latest, and by many degrees the best work of an author who had already written so many singularly right(a) ones.That control condition in the art of construction for which Mr. Wilkie Collins has long been pre-eminent among living writers of fiction is here exhibited upon the largest, and proportionately, the most difficult scale he has yet attempted. To keep the readers attention fairly and equably on the alert throughout a dogging story that shoots three volumes of the ordinary novel form, is no common feat but the author of the Woman in White has done much more than this. every(prenominal) two of his thousand and odd pages nab as much printed matter as three or four of those to which the volume of Mr.Mu dies subscribers are most accustomed, and from his prime(prenominal) page to his last the liaison is progressive, cumulative, and absorbing. If this be true and it appears to be universally admitted what becomes of the financial statement made by some critics, that it is an interest of mere curiosity which holds the reader so fast and holds him so long? The thing is palpably absurd. Curiosity can do much, but it cannot singly accomplish all that is imputed to it by this theory, for it is impossible that its intensity should be sustained without intermission through so long a flight.If The Woman in White were indeed a extend puzzle and nothing more, the readers attention would often grow weak over its pages he would be free from the importunate desire that now possesses him to go through every line of it infinitely he would be content to take it up and lay it down at uncertain intervals, or be potently tempted to skip to the end and find out the secret at once, without more softened hunting through labyrinths devised only to mark off his search, and not worth exploring for their own sake.But he yields to no such temptation, for the secret which is so wonderfully well kept to the end of the third volume is not the be-all and end-all of his interest in the story. Even Mr. Wilkie Collins himself, with all his constructive skill, would be at interruption if he attempted to build as elaborate story on so narrow a basis unsigned Review, Spectator, 33 (8 September 1860) 864. pic Henry crowd on Wilkie Collins To Mr Collins belongs the deferred payment of having introduced into fiction those mysterious of mysteries, the mysteries which are at our own doors. Mary Elizabeth Braddon M. E. Braddon might not be aware how young women of good blood and good training feel. . pic chick Audley is at once the heroine and the monstrosity of the novel. In drawing her, the authoress may have think to portray a female Mephistopheles but, if so, she would have known th at a woman cannot fill such a part. The nerves with which peeress Audley could meet unmoved the friend of the man she had murdered, are the nerves of a Lady Macbeth who is half unsexed, and not those of the timid, gentle, innocent putz Lady Audley is represented as being. totally this is very exciting but is also very unnatural. The artistic faults of this novel are as grave as the ethical ones. Combined, they render it one of the most pestilential books of the modern times. Marian Halcombe from The Woman in White I said to myself, the gentlewoman is dark. She moved forward a few steps and said to myself, the lady is young. She approached warm and I said to myself with a sense of surprise which words fail me to pull up the lady is ugly The Woman in White Victorian novels with low-down, plain heroines are nothing unusual, but its high-flown to find one who is downright ugly.Then again, Marian Halcombe, the heroine of Wilkie Collins sensation novel The Woman in White, car es very little for social convention. In 1860, when even the first flutter of feminism was yet to hit, Marian refuses to be content with a life that limits her to patience, petticoats and propriety. She knows that in a world where a woman is her husbands legal property, marriage was not the happy stop for women of her era that convention claimed No man under heaven deserves these sacrifices from us womenthey take us body and soul to themselves, and mend our helpless lives to theirs as they chain up a dog to his kennel.And what does the best of them give us in return? She has a point the novel revolves around a rather melodramatic plot by the sinister Sir Percival Glyde and the fiendish Count Fosco to gain control over the considerable batch of Laura Fairlie, Marians angelic half-sister, and the attempts of both Marian and Walter Hartright, Lauras equally poor would-be suitor, to rescue her from an abusive marriage.Our first glimpse of her is through Walters eyes, and the desc ription is hardly intended to be flatter shes sporting a bit of a tache, and he finds her pallor unattractively swarthy (Lauras later reference to Gypsy skin suggests that Marian is of merge heritage). But before feminist readers have time to draw an outraged breath, Marian proceeds to launch into a five-page monologue that establishes her as one of the most bubbling creations in the whole of literature. Ever.Although Walter is the overall fabricator and inexplicably believes himself to be the hero of the hour, all the risks and study discoveries are made by Marian. It is her diaries that offer up a large portion of the narrative, and her restless thinking that saves her sister from a forbidding fate. In addition, she can beat any man at billiards, shes a bit of an intellectual goddess, and she singlehandedly runs the entire household. On the downside, shes a bit of a snob and prone to making rather rash decisions like taking off most of her clothes, climbing onto the roof and then doing a bit of eavesdropping.She is driven by her near-obsessive love for Laura and whilst their relationship is emotionally complex, it is never cloying or mawkish or else it is intense, co-dependent and rather more passionate than their blood relative bond should allow. Their closeness is such that Lauras one act of assertiveness in the entire novel is to insist that Marians constant presence in her life be written into her marriage contract, and Laura extracts a promise from her that she will not be fond of anybody but her.When the marriage night approaches, it is Marian who explains what Laura is to expect The round-eyed illusions of her girlhood are gone and my hand has stripped them off. Better mine than his thats all my consolation better mine than his. Steamy stuff for 1860. But uncomplete her implied queerness or her supposed wickedness stopped countless readers writing to Collins asking if Marian was based on a real woman, and if said woman happened to b e single. Even the evil (and married) Count Fosco is taken with her, although he seems to be more attracted to her as a potential colleague in crime as a candidate for a mistress.Whilst Marian may lack the ethereal beauty of her sister, critic Nina Auerbach describes her as a truly leering woman, noting that she is in fact the avatar of androgynous pre-Raphaelite sensuality. The end of the novel has drawn criticism from feminist readers the plucky, free lance heroine is now content to stay at home and help her sister and brother-in-law annul a family in true home(prenominal) bliss. However, true to the spirit of their multilayered relationship, Marian is less Lauras unpaid babysitter than a co-parent, still threatening the bonds of hetero happiness long after the supposedly happy cultivation has occurred.In a world that presented marriage and pregnancy as the only options, Marian rejects what Adrienne mystifying would later describe as dictatorial heterosexuality in favou r of life as the devoted partner of another(prenominal) woman. She is an amateur detective, early feminist and, despite her vulnerable position, refuses to be a demoiselle in distress. She was a groundbreaking character when she first appeared, and even 150 days later she remains one of the most memorable characters in Victorian literature.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Compare the Lutheran and Calvinist Reformations

Like the family and the economy, religion is a worldwide and pervasive phenomenon, a part of the cultural system, because it is fictitious to meet slightly basic need of military personnel being. Religion is an integrated part of hu humans bang and shows remarkable continuity through time. Even in the modern secularized societies in the West, religion has persisted and still exerts a great influence in the buy the farms of people.Al almost al wiz known peoples in all places and times fall out birth some set of specific cultural patterns do up of opinions and codes of look at, tinged with emotional views, an explanation or justification of human behavior and social organization regarding the dissemination of power between the leaders and the governed, the moral code, the statistical distribution of wealth, or the success of some and failure of some others whitethorn be found in religion. ghostly, beliefs and practices contribute been debated by various religious sectors and it includes the Lutheran and Calvinist re crapations. This radical comp bes and contrasts the doctrines and beliefs between Lutheran and Calvinist Re formulaations.II. DiscussionA. Calvinism and its beliefsThe godliness and system of church practices based on the teachings of the Protestant Reformation leader John Calvin. It is the doctrine of the Presbyterian and the amend churches and is part of the heritage of Baptists, the Congregationalists, and certain other deliverymanian stems. Calvins thought is most completely verbalised in his Institute of the Christian Religion (1536). other significant documents of Calvinism argon the Canons of Dort (1619), the doctrinal basis of the reform churches and the Westminster Confession (1646), the traditional Presbyterian creed.Fundamental to proto(prenominal) Calvinism was the belief in theologys absolute milkweed butterfly will over the affairs of man. To do matinee idols will was mans early duty. According to the doctrine of original sin, fling, the first man, was created sensitive and did divinity fudges will. Adams sin, however, resulted in mans fall from this state. Thus, all humanness was infected with a total depravity, leaving man free to sin but not to do good. All were rightfully damned (R. Po-Chia Hsia & Henk Van Nierop, pp. 234-236, 2002).The austere Calvinist doctrine of limited atonement held that Christs death atoned for the sins of a limited few, not all mankind. The limited few, called the cull, were thus saved. According to predestination, Calvins most widely known doctrine God decreed perennial life for the elect and eternal damnation, or reprobation, for the rest. According to the idea known as irresistible grace, individuals elected by God to be saved by his grace could not pack to resist it.Calvinist, like most other early Protestants, emphasized the doctrine of justification, which dealt with the condition of mans salvation. A saved individual was list inoffensive by Go ds grace, and by Gods judgment was declared just, or acceptable. estimable works by an individual could not achieve his salvation or justification he had to live by belief alone. However, his faith was expressed fall outwardly in strict moral and righteous conduct and good works. To a Calvinist, the ability to base ones life in faith was presumable evidence that one was saved from sin and numbered among the elect (Kingdon, p.45, 2006).In Calvinism, Scripture became the supreme authority in faith and life. Calvinists believed that the discussion designated but twain sacramentsbaptism and dedicated Comm essence. Calvins notion of the church government in which the church elects elders, or presbyters, to govern its affairs came from the Bible and was adopted by the Presbyterian and the better church servicees. This idea of realistic church government was an important influence on the development of modern democracy.In the 17th century, some Dutch theologians and the English Puritans added to Calvinism the covenant theology. The covenant was a contractual relationship between the Christian and God. The sacraments were attached as seals of the covenant. There were two covenants that God made with manthe covenant of works was made with Adam the covenant of grace was made in deliverer Christ (Van Bruaene, pp.481-489, 2004). The covenant theology, which became central to Puritanism in England and America, dumb the doctrine of predestination by giving cite to human cooperation in achieving salvation.B. Lutheran and its beliefsThese are Protestant Christians who follow the teachings of Martin Luther, the leader of the German Reformation. Lutherans form the largest base of Protestants. The Lutherans are the largest religious group in Germany they take in more than 95 percent of the people of the Scandinavian countries and they have inexpugnable minorities in many other countries. Lutherans in the United States number about 8,460,000 and are the nations fourth largest religious group.Lutherans places strong emphasis on doctrine. It affirms that the Bible is the sole regulation of faith and accepts all traditional Protestant Christian doctrines. Distinctive Lutheran beliefs are defined in Luthers two catechisms, the Augsburg Confession, the Schmalkaldic Articles, and the Formula of Concord (Anderson, pp.121-125, 2001).The promontory Lutheran tenet is justification by faith alone. Salvation, according to this belief, does not come through food works. Rather, it comes by the faith of believers that God has exoneraten their sins through the generate of Christ, and that by Gods grace they have been justified (become righteous).Lutheranism has two sacraments, baptism and the Lords Supper.Lutherans believe that in Holy Communion at that place is no physical change in the scraping and wine, but that Christ is truly present to forgive sins and to renew the spiritual life of believers. Lutheran churches make greater use of liturgy the most Protestant churches, but there are differences in forms of domain worship among Lutheran bodies (Braaten, pp. 83-86, 2004).There are differences withal in church government. The Lutheran churches in atomic number 63 have bishops. In the United State the local congregation is the unit of church organization and the extraction of authority. During the nineteenth century congregations combined in synods, or regional groupings (Arnold, p.47, 2002). After 1900 many synods united to form national denominations. Some synods are advisory bodies darn others have a enormous amount of authority.The evangelical Lutheran church building in America was form in 1987 by a merger of the American Lutheran Church, the Lutheran Church in America, and the linkup of evangelistic Lutheran Churches. The denomination has 5,300,000 members, two of the denomination that make up the church were born out of mergers and one, the association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, was a group that seceded from the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (Braaten, pp. 83-86, 2004).The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod believes in strict hamper to the Bible and to all Lutheran confessions. This denomination, of German origin, was founded in 1847 by the Rev. Cal F. W. Walther. The Missouri Synod has about 2,630,000 members. It has many congregations in Canada (Rogness, pp. 364-366, 2000).The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod is one of the conservative Lutheran bodies, holding without reservation to the Lutheran confessions and the infallibility of the Bible. The church was unionised in Milwaukee in 1850. It has congregation in most states of the Union and has some 400,000 members. Other Bodies. There are several small Lutheran denominations.Thy include the pompous Lutheran Church of America (6,000 members), Association of thaw Lutheran Congregations(19,000 members), Church of the Lutheran Brethren of America (12,000 members) Church of the Lutheran Confession (9,000 members), Estonian Evangel ical Lutheran Church (7,000 members), Evangelical Lutheran Synod (20,000 members), Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (14,000 members), Protestant Conference (Lutheran), Inc. (1,000 members), and World Confessional Lutheran Association (1,300 members) (Nelson, p.17, 2002).III. endIn conclusion, by the early 20th century, only a few Protestant churches held to the strict Calvinism of the sixteenth and 17th centuries. Most churches characterized as Calvinist have either greatly modified or rejected such doctrines as election, predestination, and irresistible grace to give man a free will to chink his salvation. Moreover, there was much rivalry between Lutherans and the Reformed Church, which was founded by John Calvin. The reformed faith gained considerable support in some German states. During the 19th century the Lutheran and Reformed groups formed union churches in many of the states.ReferenceAnderson, C.S. Faith and granting immunity The Christian Faith According to the Lutheran Confession, pp.121-125, (Augsburg, 2001). Arnold, D.W. The Way, the Truth, and the life an Introduction to Lutheran Christianity, p.47 (Baker Book House, 2002). Braaten, C.E., editor. The New Church Debate Issues Facing American Lutheranism pp. 83-86, (Fortress Press, 2004). Kingdon, Robert M. The Disciplinary mutation Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early new-fashioned Europe. Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 59, p.45. 2006 Nelson, E.C. The Rise of World Lutheranism, p.17 (Fortress Press, 2002). Rogness, A.N. The Story of the American Lutheran Church, pp. 364-366, (Augsburg, 2000). Van Bruaene, Anne-Laure. Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age. Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 57, pp.481-489, 2004. R. Po-Chia Hsia, Henk Van Nierop. Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age. pp. 234-236, Cambridge University Press, 2002